{"id":5967,"date":"2015-01-19T09:23:57","date_gmt":"2015-01-19T17:23:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.fogcityjournal.com\/wordpress\/?p=5967"},"modified":"2022-09-16T18:43:02","modified_gmt":"2022-09-17T02:43:02","slug":"thoughts-on-freedom-of-expression-in-the-aftermath-of-charlie-hebdo-massacre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fogcityjournal.com\/wordpress\/5967\/thoughts-on-freedom-of-expression-in-the-aftermath-of-charlie-hebdo-massacre\/","title":{"rendered":"Thoughts on Freedom of Expression in the Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo Massacre"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"freedom_of_expression\"<\/p>\n

By Ralph E. Stone<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

January 19, 2015<\/p>\n

Much has been written about the killing of 12 people and the wounding of 11 others at the French satirical weekly publication\u00a0Charlie Hebdo<\/em>. \u00a0The discussion has for the most part been quite healthy concerning free expression. \u00a0Freedom of expression is a right but it comes with a responsibility.<\/p>\n

In the United States, the\u00a01969 Supreme Court in\u00a0Brandenberg v. Ohio<\/a>\u00a0struck down the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan member, and established a new standard: Speech can be suppressed only if it is intended,\u00a0and likely to produce, “imminent lawless action.” Otherwise, even speech that advocates violence is protected. The\u00a0Brandenberg<\/em>\u00a0standard prevails in the U.S. today. \u00a0Article 19 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, states that “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, the concept of freedom of expression is not appreciated or understood in most of the Arab world.\u00a0 Blasphemy, for example is prohibited in many Arab countries. \u00a0For many followers of Islam, the depiction of Muhammad is a contentious issue.\u00a0The Quran\u00a0does not explicitly forbid images of Muhammad, but there are a few\u00a0supplemental teachings which explicitly prohibits Muslims from creating visual depictions of figures.\u00a0 And lampooning Muhammad is certain to raise the ire of most Muslims.<\/p>\n

For example, in 2005, the\u00a0Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten<\/em>\u00a0published 12 editorial\u00a0cartoons<\/a>\u00a0of the Prophet Muhammad. \u00a0One\u00a0showed Muhammad flashing a victory sign\u2014with two extended fingers drawn to resemble the burning World Trade Towers. \u00a0Another depicted Muhammad as a bomb-toting terrorist. Another showed Muhammad with vampire teeth, drinking wine and smoking a cigar. \u00a0Muslim groups in Denmark complained that the cartoons insulted Muhammad and Islam and the issue eventually led to protests around the world, including violent demonstrations and riots in some Muslim countries.\u00a0 Shouldn’t the editors of\u00a0Jyllands-Posten<\/em>\u00a0have known that the publication of these cartoons would lead to violent demonstrations?<\/p>\n

Interestingly, in 2003,\u00a0Jyllands-Posten<\/em>\u00a0refused<\/a>\u00a0to run drawings lampooning Jesus Christ. \u00a0A Danish illustrator submitted a series of cartoons dealing with the resurrection of Christ. He received an email back from the paper’s editor which said: “I don’t think our readers will enjoy the drawings. As a matter of fact, I think that they will provoke an outcry. Therefore, I will not use them.” \u00a0The newspaper had no compunction in publishing cartoons lampooning Muhammad but not Jesus. \u00a0Islamophobia? \u00a0<\/strong>You draw your own conclusions.<\/p>\n

Notwithstanding the Danish reaction to the cartoons, in 2006\u00a0Charlie Hebdo<\/em>, and other publications in Germany, Italy, and Spain, republished the cartoons. \u00a0This caused a new wave of protests across the Middle East.<\/p>\n

After the republication, French President Jacques Chirac was\u00a0quoted<\/a>\u00a0as saying,\u00a0“I condemn all obvious provocations which could dangerously fuel passions. \u00a0Anything that can hurt the convictions of someone else, in particular religious convictions, should be avoided. Freedom of expression should be exercised in a spirit of responsibility.”<\/p>\n

Unrepentant, the first\u00a0cover<\/a>\u00a0of Charlie Hebdo after the attack shows the Prophet Muhammad holding a “Je Suis Charlie” sign with the caption, “All is forgiven.” \u00a0The newspaper printed a record 3 million copies this week, with financial help from Google,\u00a0Le Monde and other organizations. \u00a0It usually prints around 60,000 copies. \u00a0This edition was\u00a0translated into six languages including English, Arabic and Turkish. \u00a0The edition sold out in minutes. \u00a0This edition triggered a mixed reaction but for the most part, Muslims have heeded their leaders to remain calm.<\/p>\n

Jesus and Christianity have not been\u00a0immune<\/a>\u00a0from ridicule by cartoonists. \u00a0Publications have been met with outrage, economic pressure, loss of advertising and subscribers, and political pressure although I am not aware of anyone being killed or wounded in modern times for publishing such cartoons. \u00a0For example, in its March edition,\u00a0The Insurgent<\/em>, an “alternative” student paper at the University of Oregon, printed 12 hand-drawn\u00a0cartoons<\/a>\u00a0of Jesus as a response to a rival paper\u00a0The Commentator<\/em>\u00a0for having published the controversial cartoons of Muhammad originally published in\u00a0Jyllands-Posten<\/em>i. \u00a0One was a depiction of a naked Jesus on the cross with an erection; the other, titled “Resurrection,” showed a naked Jesus kissing another naked man, both sporting erections.\u00a0The Insurgent\u00a0<\/em>claimed it published the drawings to “provoke dialogue.”<\/p>\n

Some of the mandatory student fees at the University of Oregon are set aside for student publications including\u00a0The Insurgent<\/em>. \u00a0In response to cries to cut off funds to\u00a0The Insurgent,<\/em>\u00a0the\u00a0University President Dave Frohnmayer refused\u00a0explaining<\/a>\u00a0that the university, based on Supreme Court rulings, cannot “exercise control over content by using a threat of removal of fee support.\u00a0Simply put, neither content nor viewpoint is a lawful basis for denying an allocation of incidental fees to a student group.”<\/p>\n

I am not playing a blame the victim game. \u00a0No one should be killed or injured over cartoons no matter how offensive they are perceived to be. \u00a0And\u00a0free expression does not mean that religions shouldn’t be lampooned.<\/p>\n

I am in favor of freedom of expression, but at the same time, before publication of a cartoon, the editors should ask themselves whether the cartoon is contributing to the political or social dialogue or is it just to inflame the public. Or more specifically, should the editors\u00a0of\u00a0Charlie Hebdo<\/em>\u00a0have considered the anti-Muslim sentiment in France and how radicals in the French Muslim community would react to the cartoons, especially after the riots following the the cartoons published by\u00a0Jyllands-Posten<\/em>? There is no easy answer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Freedom of expression is a right but it comes with a responsibility. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1230,"featured_media":5968,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1320,19,205],"tags":[2713,2714,1352],"class_list":["post-5967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-media","category-opinion","category-religion","tag-charlie-hebdo","tag-freedom-of-expression","tag-islam"],"yoast_head":"\nThoughts on Freedom of Expression in the Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo Massacre - Fog City Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fogcityjournal.com\/wordpress\/5967\/thoughts-on-freedom-of-expression-in-the-aftermath-of-charlie-hebdo-massacre\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Thoughts on Freedom of Expression in the Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo Massacre - Fog City Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Freedom of expression is a right but it comes with a responsibility.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fogcityjournal.com\/wordpress\/5967\/thoughts-on-freedom-of-expression-in-the-aftermath-of-charlie-hebdo-massacre\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Fog City Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/fogcityjournal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-01-19T17:23:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-09-17T02:43:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fogcityjournal.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/plugins\/2015\/01\/freedom_of_expression.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"340\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ralph E. 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